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the Petroleum University(Beijing)
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2-Tianjin
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7- Shanghai
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32-Chongqing
ChongQing University
Chongqing University of Post and Telecommunications
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Southwest University of Political Science and Law
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33-Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong
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34-Macao
University of Macau
31-Taiwan
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15-Neimenggu (Inner Mongolia)
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20-Guangxi
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Nanning Science & Information Network
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25-Xizang(Tibet)
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30-Xinjiang
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Xinjiang Finance & Economy Institute
29-Ningxia
Ningxia University
Provinces
3-Hebei
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Shijiazhuang Postal Collage
Hebei Teacher's University
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Xingtai Vocational and Techical College
Northeast University At Qinhuangdao Campus, Qinhuangdao
4-Shanxi
Taiyuan University of Technology
Shanxi University
North China Institute of Technology
Shanxi Teachers University
Shanxi Education and Research Network
Shanxi University of Finance and Economics
5-Liaoning
Northeastern university
Liaoning University
Dalian University of Technology
Fushun Petroleum University
Shenyang Electric Power Institute
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China Medical University
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Liaoning Education and Research Network
Anshan Normal College
Shenyang University
Dalian Martime University
Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
Shenyang Architectural and Civil Engineering Institute
Dalian Medical University
Shenyang Polytechnic University
Liaoning Provincial College of Communications
6-Jilin
Jilin University
Jilin University of Technology
Northeast Normal University
Yanbian University of Science & Technology
Yanbian University
Northeast China Institute Of Electric Power Engineeting
Northeast Normal University
Jilin College of Electrification
Changchun Institute Of Post & Telecommunications
8-Jiangsu
Southeast University
Nanjing University
Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics
Nanjing Normal University
Nanjing Medical University
Nanjing Agricultural University
Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Nanjing University of Chemical Technology
Nanjing University of Science and Technology
Nanjing Forestry University
Hehai University
Nanjing Institute of Meteorology
Suzhou University
Wuxi University of Light Industry
China University of Mining Technology
Yangzhou University
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Jiangsu University of Science & Technology
East China Shipbuilding Insititue
Jiangsu Education and Research Network
Jiangsu Institute of Petrochemical Technology
China Pharmaceutical University
Nantong Medical College
Jiangsu Institute of petrochemical Technology
Xuzhou Medical College
HuaiHai Institute of Technology
Xuzhou Normal University
Jiangsu Infocom Technology Training & Education Center
Nantong Textile Engineering College
Nanton Teachers College
9-Zhejiang
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou University
Zhejiang Agricultural University
Zhejiang Education and Research Network
Zhejiang Medical University
Hangzhou Institute of Financial Managers
Ningbo College
Zhejiang Normal University
Zhejiang University of Technology
Hangzhou University of Commerce
HangZhou Institute of Electronic Engineering
Zhejiang Institute Of Education
10-Anhui
University of Science and Technology of China
Anhui University
Hefei University of Technology
Anhui Education and Research Network
Anhui Normal University
Correspondence College Of Computer Of China
11-Fujian
Xiamen University
Fuzhou University
Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
National Huaqiao University
Fujian Agricultural University
Jimei University
Fujian Teachers University
Fujian Medical University
12-Jiangxi
Nanchang University
East China JiaoTong University
JiangXi University of Finance and Economics
13-Shandong
Shandong Institute of Building Materials Industry
Yantai University
Shandong Architectural & Civil Engineering Institute
Shandong Agricultural University
Shandong University
Qufu Normal University
Yantai Education Institute & Yantai Television University
Ocean University of Qingdao
Qingdao University
Shandong University of Technology
University of Petroleum (East China)
China Coal Economic College
Qingdao Institute Of Architecture And Engineering
Shandong Institute Of Mining Technology
Liaocheng Teachers University
14-Henan
Zhengzhou University
Jiaozuo Institute of Technology
Henan Medical University
Anyang Teacher's College
Zhengzhou Grain University
Zhengzhou University of Technology
Henan Univeristy
Zhengzhou Textile Institute
Zhengzhou College of Animal Husbandry Engineering
Henan Agriculture university
16-Heilongjiang
Harbin Institute of Technology
Harbin University of Science and Technology
Northeast Agricultural University
Northeast Forest University
Harbin University of Civil Engineering & Architecture
Harbin Medical University
Daqing Staff and Workers University
Heilongjiang University
Daging Petroleun Institute
17-Hubei
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Wuhan Technical University of Surveying & Mapping
Central China Normal University
Tongji Medical University
Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Electric Engineering
Hubei University
Wuhan Technical University of Survey & Mapping
Wuhan Automobile Polytechnical University
Zhongnan University of Finance and Economics
Wuhan Transportation University
Hubei College of Education
Wuhan Institute of Medical Sciences
Wuhan University
China University of Geosciences
University Of Hydraulic Electric Engineering(yichang)
Jingzhou Teacher's College
18-Hunan
Central South University of Technology
Changsha Railway University
National University of Defense Technology
Hunan University
Department of Comuter and Engineering, Changsha Institute of Technology
ChangSha Technical College
Xiangtan University
Hu Nan Normal University
Central South Forestry University
Zhongnan University Of Technology
19-Guangdong
South China University of Technology
Zhongshan University
Jinan University
South China Normal University
GuangDong University of Technology
Shenzhen University
Shantou University
Guangzhou University
Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences
Guangdong Commercial College
Guangzhou Normal University
Foshan University
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
South China Agricultural University
Wuyi University
Hui Zhou University
Guangdong Education and Research Network
Guangdong Medical College
Guangzhou Education College
Dongguan Institute of Technology
Shenzhen Polytech
Guangdong Petrochemical Academy
Hui Zhou University
Zhanjiang Normal College
The First Military Medical University
zhanjiang Ocean University
Hanshan Teachers College
XiJiang university
21-Hainan
Hainan Normal University
Hainan Medical College
Hainan University
22-Sichuan
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Sichuan Union University
Southwest Jiaotong University
Chengdu Istitute of Technology
West China University of Medical Sciences
Sichuan Education and Research Network
Southwest University of Finance & Economics
Sichuan Agricultural University
Chengdu University Of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Chengdu University Of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Sichuan Institute of Technology
South West Institute of technology
23-Guizhou
Guizhou University
Guizhou Institute of Technology
24-Yunnan
Yunnan Polytechnic University
Yunnan University
Yunnan Institute of Finance and Trade
Kunmimg University of Science and Technology
Yunnan Agricuture University
Yunnan Normal University
Yunnan Nationality Institute
Kunming Medical College
26-Shaanxi
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Xi'an Highway University
Northwest University
Xi'an Electronic Science and Technology University
Xi'an Institute of Posts and Telecommunications
Northwestern Polytechnical University
Xi'an University of Technology
Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology
Xi'an Medical University
Shaanxi Education and Research Network
Xi'an Petroleum Institute
Xi'an Institute of Technology
Fouth Military Medical University
Shaanxi Normal University
Shaanxi Institute Of Finance And Econom
Northwest Institute Of Textile Science And Technology
27-Gansu
Lanzhou University
Lanzhou Railway Institute
Gansu University of Technology
The Northwest Normal University
Gansu Agricultural University
Lanzhou Comerical College
28-Qinghai
Qinghai University
Qinghai Normal University
Engineering in China
Engineering in China
Study Engineering programs in English in China like Electronic Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Telecom Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical engineering, Computer Engineering, chemical Engineering, Architecture, etc
China’s Cultural Power ranks sixth in the world, ranks the second in the world economic system.
Cheap cost, recognized degree worldwide
Peaceful and beautiful environment, advanced infrastructures
China is today the largest producer of engineering graduates in the world, with some 600000 passing out of its colleges and universities on 2005.
In 2007, a total of 195,503 international students studying in china
So far, China has established the educational cooperation and exchange relations with more than 188 countries and regions, With 33 countries and regions signed a mutual recognition of academic degrees agreement.
Study Engineering programs in English in China like Electronic Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Telecom Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical engineering, Computer Engineering, chemical Engineering, Architecture, etc
China’s Cultural Power ranks sixth in the world, ranks the second in the world economic system.
Cheap cost, recognized degree worldwide
Peaceful and beautiful environment, advanced infrastructures
China is today the largest producer of engineering graduates in the world, with some 600000 passing out of its colleges and universities on 2005.
In 2007, a total of 195,503 international students studying in china
So far, China has established the educational cooperation and exchange relations with more than 188 countries and regions, With 33 countries and regions signed a mutual recognition of academic degrees agreement.
Anhui Medical University
Why Anhui Medical University?
1. Established in 1926 AD, the Government owned, One of oldest Medical University of China2. Recognized by WHO, CMC 3. Listed by China Ministry of Education to enroll International students for Fully English Medium Medical programs 4. Syllabus entirely based on International standard, teach in English5. 23rd among Top 100 Universities in China6. 4 In-house hospitals with more than 4000 beds7. Internship in student’s home country or China 8. Multinational students body with American, Canada , Australian, Japanese, Korean ,South Asian & EU students. 9. Located in the Scientific and Educational city-Hefei, capital of Anhui Province, which is in the east of central China 10. Scholarship is also available. 11. Eligible to appear USMLE, PLAB and other SCREENING TEST, etc.12. Study duration: 4 years plus one year internship
Brief Introduction:Anhui Medical University(AMU), one of the oldest educational institutions in Hefei, Anhui province, which is located in the east of central China, 40 min from Shanghai by flight, and honored as “the city with State Innovation of Science and Technology”. Around the two campuses are some of the renowned universities and institutions, such as University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei Institutes of Physical Sciences of China Academy of Science (CASHIPS), and Hefei University of Technology (HUT).Anhui Medical University (AMU), formerly Shanghai Southeast Medical College, was founded in Shanghai by a group of overseas students with M.D degree who returned from Japan in 1926. The idea of those pioneers was to create a medical university to save Chinese people suffering from diseases in the hard time. Following several times of relocations from Shanghai to inland of Anhui Province during the past decades, the university has grown significantly. The spectrum of subjects has steadily been extended and now has developed into a comprehensive medical university with 23 subjects covering nearly all of the medical fields including Clinical Medicine, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Health Management, Pharmacology, Dentistry, and Nursing, among those eight subjects have been qualified to offer Ph.D. degree. The University consists of 20 faculties, 22 laboratories, and 46 institutes are owned by the university and partially funded by local government, totally, 17 000 enrolled students, in which Medical Faculty predominates with over 6,000 students including clinical medicine, laboratory medicine, psychology, anesthesia, and medical imaging, etc.Anhui Medical University (AMU) insists on an important concept since its foundation to promote interdisciplinary and combination of teaching and scientific research with clinical activities. An important step in combining the strength of medication and medical research was the realization of the necessity for expansion of the campus and establishment of additional affiliated hospitals for students practice and young scientists training. The Teaching and Research Building in the campus provides both domestic and returned overseas scientists with well-equipped laboratories and net access. AMU has over 30 hospitals for students practising across the country, among those 4 are immediately affiliated to the university, which are high reputation in the east of the central country and other three newly set up hospitals have been put into use since years ago, with a total number of 4000 sickbeds. These university affiliated hospitals fulfill their functions and perform their duties in clinical treatment, research, teaching, and courses of study. In addition to the “hardware” construction, the university has been focusing on both basic and applied research, ranking in top one of the province-owned academic institutions in the grant harvest from the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and featuring several recognized special areas such as dermatology and venereal diseases, which is now the National Key Discipline with several significant achievements in Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS) of psoriasis and other dermal lesions. Pharmacology shares one of the main research areas and involves the screening and characterization of efficacious compounds from Traditional Chinese Medical Herbs. This subject was the first one to be granted independent doctorial degree award in the province. Other disciplines including epidemiology, infectious diseases (microbiology and parasitological), aging and regenerative research, maternal and child care, gastroenterology, neurology and psychology, gynecology and obstetrics, and organ transplantations, etc. are also responsible for fostering the new generation of scientists and further training of staff and recognized as well for their talents and overwhelming achievements in the state.
Study MBBS/BDS in China
Why study in WMC:
1. Recognized by WHO, CMC & CSC.
2. Authorized by China Ministry of Education to enroll international students since 1999
3. Listed by China Ministry of Education to enroll International students for Fully English Medium Medical programs
4. Syllabus entirely based on International standard, teach in English
5. Government owned , top 10 in china for Medical International studies and highly reputed worldwide.
6. 10 In-house hospitals with 7000 beds
7. Internship in student’s home country or China
8. Multinational students body with American, Canada , Australian, Japanese, Korean ,South Asian & EU students.
9. Located in the famous international city-Wenzhou, one of top 10 most vigor cities in china, and located in south-east of China
10. Scholarship is also available.
11. Eligible to appear USMLE, PLAB and other SCREENING TEST, etc.
12. BDS Program cooperate with Dental College of LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY, USA
Brief Introduction:
Wenzhou Medical College (WMC), rooted from Zhejiang Medical School in 1912, is a public institution of higher learning directly under Zhejiang Provincial Bureau of Education. It is located in Wenzhou, a southeast coastal city with 40-minutes flight from metropolitan Shanghai. Wenzhou is a place where you can enjoy pleasant climate, charming scenery and exciting life.
Wenzhou Medical College is composed of three campuses, located respectively at Xueyuan Road, Xiushan and Chashan, covering an area of 73 ha. (=1100 mu) with a building floor of 180,000 m2. The school library has a collection of 700,000 books and 1100 categories of periodicals either in Chinese or foreign languages. Subordinate to WMC are 6 institutes, 1 experimental animal center, 10 affiliated hospitals totaling 7,000 odd beds, 46 teaching hospitals or hospitals for clinical internships. 15 centers of Laboratory, among them 3 are Key Laboratories of Ministerial level
Involving branches of medicine, science, engineering, liberal arts, laws and management, Wenzhou Medical College offers 26 5-year Bachelor’s degree programs, a 7-year program leading to Master’s degree, 1 joint doctorate program and 3 doctorate programs. Now it has over 12,000 undergraduates and nearly 700 postgraduates. Of more than 1,000 faculty, odd 550 have professorships or the equivalent academic titles.
From 2006, Wenzhou Medical College was authorized to confer doctorate degrees in Ophthalmology, Surgery and Gynecology. Wenzhou Medical College is one of the first institutions authorized by the State Council to confer Master’s degree. It offers 15 Master’s degrees now in Ophthalmology & Optometry, Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Gynecology & Obstetrics, Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Anesthesia, Pathology and Physiology, Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine & West Medicine, etc. The Program of Ophthalmology & Optometry is the first one established in China to train optometric professionals with medical background. Given their distinguished achievements in the optometric development, Ministry of Public Health of China based its first and only national Center of Optometry Research in WMC. A Sino-U.S. joint program for Doctorate of Optometry is now under way.
In recent years Wenzhou Medical College has been very active in academic exchanges and friendly visits with other countries and regions. Intercollegiate relationships have been established with New England College of Optometry U.S.A., Pacific University U.S.A., University of Queensland Australia, Burapha University Thailand, Miyazaki Medical College Japan, Medical College China, Karl-Franzens University Graz Austria, Sun Yat-sen Medical University Taiwan, etc. Since 1999, WMC was authorized to enroll overseas students and open English Medium program.
Religious Minorities
Religious Minorities are Not Satisfied about Government Policies in Pakistan
(A Case Study of District Sheikhupura, Pakistan)
By
Muhammad Akram Mehar – M.Sc Sociology
Mehar_Skp@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to evaluate the religious minority rights in the rural areas of Sheikhupura, Pakistan during 2009-10. The overall objective of the study was to explore the level of provision of basic human rights to religious minorities living in the rural areas of Sheikhupura and to know about the satisfaction level of religious minorities about the availability of their fundamental human rights. For this purpose, 120 households from the rural areas of Sheikhupura which were representatives of the whole district's religious minorities were selected by using the simple random sampling technique. The analysis of the data revealed that religious minorities are not represented in different sectors of life (e.g. employment sector) appropriately and adequately. So, the religious minorities in the area of study were satisfied to least extent to the government policies of Pakistan.
Key Words: Constitution, Dominant, Ethnic, Legislation, Linguistic, Racial, Satisfaction Level, Sociological Minority.
INTRODUCTION
The minority is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant voting majority of the total population of a given society. A sociological minority is not necessarily a numerical minority. It may include any group that is subnormal with respect to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power. Persons belonging to religious minorities have a faith which is different to that held by the majority.
Religious minorities are present in almost all the regions of the world; continue to face serious threats and discrimination in different sectors of life. They are frequently excluded from taking part fully in the economic, political and social life of their countries. Today, religious minority communities face new challenges, including legislation, policies for the country/nation. (Ms. Gay, 29 July 2005)
o The author is Literacy Coordinator in National Commission for Human Development, Sheikhupura, Pakistan.
In case of Religious Minorities in Pakistan, the term ‘minority' is used in the 1973 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on several occasions. Successive federal governments take minorities religious not ethnic, racial or linguistic minorities. According to the census of 1998, Hindus make up 1.20% of the population and Christians (Protestant and Roman Catholic) 1.9%, or around 2.3 million people and Sikh and Parsis are 0.31%. So, according to the 1998 national census, 96.28% of the population follows the Islamic faith. Non-Muslims constitute 3.72% of the total population. Religious minority groups claim that they are underrepresented in government census counts. Punjab is the largest province in the country; more than 90% of the country's Christians also reside here, making them the largest religious minority in the province. Approximately 60% of Punjab's Christians live in rural villages. (Religious Freedom Report of Pakistan, U.S State Department - 2003)
In Pakistan, as it is third world country, the voice of religious minorities has never touched the heart or mind of national policy formulators. In the practices of political struggle for power, even liberal politicians remained silent on the issue regarding the fundamental rights of religious minorities. (Amir Taheri, New York Times, 11 July 2002)
Regarding the Abuses of Religious Freedom in Pakistan, Police torture and other forms of mistreatment of persons in custody are common. However, there were no confirmed reports of torture of prisoners or detainees because of their religious beliefs. Religious minorities state that members of their communities, especially minors, sometimes are pressured by private groups and individuals to convert to Islam. (HRCP-2003)
The Constitution of Pakistan provides freedom of religion, and states that adequate provisions shall be made for religious minorities to profess and practice their religions freely. However, in practice the Government imposes limits on freedom of religion. For example, under the Constitution, no student can be forced to receive religious instruction or to participate in religious worship other than his or her own. (Religious Freedom Report of Pakistan, U.S State Department - 2003)
Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him) who established a religiously diverse state in Madinah said this about the Christians of Najran;
"Najran has the protection of God and the pledges of Muhammad, the Prophet, to protect their (the Christians') lives, faith, land, property, those who are absent and those who are present, and their clan and allies. They need not change anything of their past customs. No right of theirs or their religion shall be altered. No bishop, monk or church guard shall be removed from his position."
Islam stresses the need for dialogue between the Muslim and other religious communities. Islam as a pluralistic religion considers dialogue legitimate. (Mehboob Sada, director of the Christian Study Center (CSC), 2008)
MATERIALS & METHODS
The study in hand was conducted in the rural areas of Sheikhupura, Pakistan. From the total 72 rural union councils, two union councils having maximum households of religious minorities were selected randomly at first stage. Afterward six villages (three from each union council) were selected randomly at second level. Keeping in view the population size and characteristics, kind of the data analysis, time and resources available and practical evidence, a sample of 120 respondents (60 from each union council) was selected by using purposive sampling technique. Regarding sample of the respondents, the matters kept in mind at the time of data collection were that; the respondents were of one sex (male) and the respondents were above the age limit of 19 years.
The data were collected by using the survey method. Keeping in view the objectives of the study, it was decided to use interview schedule to collect the information. A well designed interview schedule was prepared to gather/collect the data from the selected areas. The interview schedule was developed in the light of the objectives of the study. The researcher tried his level best to get as close to the fact as possible. Interviewing schedule was used due to its certain characteristics such as; high response rate, greater flexibility, and formatted questioning.
In this study, Bivariate Analysis has been used. In Bivariate Analysis, Pearson's Chi-Square Test (χ2) was applied to find out the relationship between certain independent and dependent variables. The relationship of two variables was explored through Hypothesis Testing. The researcher had selected the of 0.05. As Pearson's chi-square test is used to assess two types of comparison; tests of goodness of fit and tests of independence. In this study, the tests of independence have been used. Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction (YIS) was also used to analyze the satisfaction level of the respondents regarding government policies. Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction ranges from +1 to -1. A positive value of YIS indicates that there is more respondents who are satisfied with one attribute than those who are not satisfied. The larger the value of Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction, the more intensive the degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Satisfaction Level of Religious Minorities about Government Policies:
To learn about the satisfaction level of the respondents, it is vital to draw the conclusion of any social research. Because of this, the satisfaction level of religious minorities i.e. satisfaction level about government policies was very important to draw the concluding remarks of this study. The satisfaction of religious minorities about the government policies towards them is very important for their feelings and perceptions of having security. Actually, It is the responsibility of government to protect the basic human rights of religious minorities of the country. If government provides proper fundamental rights to the religious minorities, then the religious minorities will contribute in the developmental priorities of the country / state. This contribution will prosper the state, ultimately. Because of these ground realities, the researcher felt the need to measure the satisfaction level of religious minorities about government policies towards them.
Table-1: Distribution of Respondents According to their Satisfaction Level about Government Policies.
Satisfaction Level about Govt. Policies Frequency Percentage
1 Satisfied 45 37.5
2 Satisfied to Some Extent 50 41.7
3 Not Satisfied 25 20.8
Total 120 100.0
For the measurement of the satisfaction level, Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction was used which is;
S - D
YIS = ------------
R
Where;
S = the number of respondents satisfied with one attribute.
D = the number of respondents dissatisfied with one
attribute.
R = the total number of respondents.
Satisfaction Level about Govt. Policies Frequency Percentage
1 Satisfied (S) 45 37.5
2 Dissatisfied (D) 25 20.8
3 Total (R) 120 100.0
By putting the values in YIS,
45-25
YIS = ------------ , YIS= 0.17
120
On the basis of the calculated value of Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction, it was revealed that the religious minorities in the area of study were satisfied with the governmental policies regarding the protection of their fundamental rights but to least extent. They were demanding fundamental changes and improvements in the policies of the state regarding religious minorities. They have particular objections about government policies towards them. Religious minorities claimed that;
• They are not represented properly and honorably in different sectors of development .limelight.
• Government treat the religious minorities with discrimination either directly or indirectly particularly in the employment sector.
The residential areas of the religious minorities were also not so facilitated. Resultantly, they were not so satisfied about the government policies regarding religious minorities.
Table-2: Association between the Level of Opportunity for Religious Minorities in Government Services and the Satisfaction Level of Religious Minorities about Government Policies.
Description Satisfaction Level about Government Policies Total
Satisfied Satisfied to Some
Extent Not Satisfied
Opportunity in Government Services Yes 20 20 8 48
NO 25 30 17 72
Total 45 50 25 120
Chi-Square Value = 1. 037 Significance Value = 0. 595
The above mentioned figures show that the level of opportunity for religious minorities in government services had no influence on the satisfaction level of religious minorities about government policies. So, there was no significant association between the independent variable (The level of opportunity for religious minorities in government services) and dependent variable (Satisfaction level of religious minorities about government policies). Thus the hypothesis, “The Level of Opportunity for Religious Minorities in Government Services is Independent of the Satisfaction Level of Religious Minorities about Government Policies” was accepted.
3- The Level of Provision of Opportunity for Religious Minorities in Government Services is independent of the Contribution of Religious Minorities in National Integrity.
Table-3: Association between the Level of Provision of Opportunity for Religious Minorities in Government Services and the Contribution of Religious Minorities in National Integrity.
Description Your Contribution in National Integrity Total
YES NO
Opportunity in Government Services Yes 32 16 48
NO 49 23 72
Total 81 39 120
Chi-Square Value = 1. 513 Significance Value = 0. 469
The above mentioned figures show that the opportunity for religious minorities in government services had no influence upon the contribution of religious minorities in national integrity. So, there was no significant association between the independent variable (The Level of Provision of opportunity for religious minorities in government services) and dependent variable (Contribution of Religious Minorities in National Integrity). Thus the hypothesis, “The Opportunity for Religious Minorities in Government Services is independent of the Contribution of Religious Minorities in National Integrity” was accepted.
4- The Level of Social Security provided to the Religious Minorities by the Government is independent of the Contribution of the Religious Minorities in National Integrity.
Table-4: Association between the Levels of Social Security provided to the Religious Minorities by the Government and the Contribution of the Religious Minorities in National Integrity.
Description Social Security by the Government Total
Sufficient Satisfactory Not Sufficient
Contribution in National Integrity YES 30 36 15 81
NO 5 24 10 39
Total 35 60 25 120
Chi-Square Value = 8. 158 Significance Value = 0. 086
The level of social security provided to the religious minorities had no influences on the role of religious minorities in the national integrity. So, there was also no significant association between the independent variable (The level of social security provided to the religious minorities by the government) and dependent variable (Contribution in national integrity). Thus the hypothesis, “The Level of Social Security provided to the Religious Minorities by the Government is independent of the Contribution of the Religious Minorities in National Integrity” was accepted.
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions:
On the basis of above mentioned results and discussion, it was concluded that the Religious Minorities in all regions of the world particularly in third world countries like Pakistan, continue to face serious threats and discrimination in different sectors of life. They are frequently excluded from taking part fully in the social, economic and political practices of the country/state. Today, religious minority communities face new challenges or threats including threats about legislation and development. The voice of religious minorities has never touched the heart or mind of national policy makers. Simply, we can say that the religious minorities are satisfied to government policies in Pakistan, to least extent which needs to be maximize. Because, religious minorities' major claim was that they are discriminated either directly or indirectly.
Recommendations:
After the evaluation of the rights of the religious minorities, the following steps should be taken for the improved protection and provision of the fundamental rights to the religious minorities;
• Government should launch such programs and campaigns that can maximize the inter faith harmony and tolerance, i.e. government should make the department of interfaith harmony more affective. For this purpose, the services of religious leaders (Imaam Masjid, Pastor, etc) can be achieved because without their co-operation, inter faith dialogues can’t be arranged for inter faith tolerance and harmony. This will also contribute in the national integrity.
• Government should provide justice and social security to the religious minorities as much as possible. For this task of equality, there is the need to make the ministry of religious minority rights more affective so that it can espouse more compassionate policies for the protection of religious minorities' rights.
• There should be full religious liberty to all the individuals in the country either they belong to any religion of their choice. It means that there should be the permission for everyone belonging to any religious minority, to conduct or celebrate one's rituals and social events. Government should endow with adequate security and protection at the time of their functions such as Christmas and wedding ceremonies. They can practice their prayers and other religious functions and activities without any fear. Because, it will create the feelings of security and own homeland among the religious minorities. Ultimately, they will participate more affectively in the national development.
• Government should provide equal funds or grants for the development of those specific areas where religious minorities subsist. There should be no discrimination in the division of grants for the development of the areas of religious minorities particularly in the rural areas. There should be more authentic programs for the developmental uplift of religious minorities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work presented in this manuscript was accomplished under inspiring guidance of Dr. Haq Nawaz Anwar, Department of Sociology, G.C University, Faisalabad, who always provide necessary assistance in writing of this manuscript.
REFERENCES
o AMIR TAHERI (2002) “Law Does Not Specify Badges for Religious Minorities”, New York Times, USA.
o HRCP (2003) “Annual Survey of Pakistan”, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.
o MEHBOOB SADA (2008) “The Joint Motion of Christians and Members of Civil Society", Asia News, Islamabad, Pakistan.
o MS. GAY (2005) “Principles of Democracy”, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Switzerland.
o U.S STATE DEPARTMENT (2003) “Religion & Spirituality”, Religious Freedom Report of Pakistan, U.S State Department, USA.
(A Case Study of District Sheikhupura, Pakistan)
By
Muhammad Akram Mehar – M.Sc Sociology
Mehar_Skp@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to evaluate the religious minority rights in the rural areas of Sheikhupura, Pakistan during 2009-10. The overall objective of the study was to explore the level of provision of basic human rights to religious minorities living in the rural areas of Sheikhupura and to know about the satisfaction level of religious minorities about the availability of their fundamental human rights. For this purpose, 120 households from the rural areas of Sheikhupura which were representatives of the whole district's religious minorities were selected by using the simple random sampling technique. The analysis of the data revealed that religious minorities are not represented in different sectors of life (e.g. employment sector) appropriately and adequately. So, the religious minorities in the area of study were satisfied to least extent to the government policies of Pakistan.
Key Words: Constitution, Dominant, Ethnic, Legislation, Linguistic, Racial, Satisfaction Level, Sociological Minority.
INTRODUCTION
The minority is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant voting majority of the total population of a given society. A sociological minority is not necessarily a numerical minority. It may include any group that is subnormal with respect to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power. Persons belonging to religious minorities have a faith which is different to that held by the majority.
Religious minorities are present in almost all the regions of the world; continue to face serious threats and discrimination in different sectors of life. They are frequently excluded from taking part fully in the economic, political and social life of their countries. Today, religious minority communities face new challenges, including legislation, policies for the country/nation. (Ms. Gay, 29 July 2005)
o The author is Literacy Coordinator in National Commission for Human Development, Sheikhupura, Pakistan.
In case of Religious Minorities in Pakistan, the term ‘minority' is used in the 1973 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on several occasions. Successive federal governments take minorities religious not ethnic, racial or linguistic minorities. According to the census of 1998, Hindus make up 1.20% of the population and Christians (Protestant and Roman Catholic) 1.9%, or around 2.3 million people and Sikh and Parsis are 0.31%. So, according to the 1998 national census, 96.28% of the population follows the Islamic faith. Non-Muslims constitute 3.72% of the total population. Religious minority groups claim that they are underrepresented in government census counts. Punjab is the largest province in the country; more than 90% of the country's Christians also reside here, making them the largest religious minority in the province. Approximately 60% of Punjab's Christians live in rural villages. (Religious Freedom Report of Pakistan, U.S State Department - 2003)
In Pakistan, as it is third world country, the voice of religious minorities has never touched the heart or mind of national policy formulators. In the practices of political struggle for power, even liberal politicians remained silent on the issue regarding the fundamental rights of religious minorities. (Amir Taheri, New York Times, 11 July 2002)
Regarding the Abuses of Religious Freedom in Pakistan, Police torture and other forms of mistreatment of persons in custody are common. However, there were no confirmed reports of torture of prisoners or detainees because of their religious beliefs. Religious minorities state that members of their communities, especially minors, sometimes are pressured by private groups and individuals to convert to Islam. (HRCP-2003)
The Constitution of Pakistan provides freedom of religion, and states that adequate provisions shall be made for religious minorities to profess and practice their religions freely. However, in practice the Government imposes limits on freedom of religion. For example, under the Constitution, no student can be forced to receive religious instruction or to participate in religious worship other than his or her own. (Religious Freedom Report of Pakistan, U.S State Department - 2003)
Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him) who established a religiously diverse state in Madinah said this about the Christians of Najran;
"Najran has the protection of God and the pledges of Muhammad, the Prophet, to protect their (the Christians') lives, faith, land, property, those who are absent and those who are present, and their clan and allies. They need not change anything of their past customs. No right of theirs or their religion shall be altered. No bishop, monk or church guard shall be removed from his position."
Islam stresses the need for dialogue between the Muslim and other religious communities. Islam as a pluralistic religion considers dialogue legitimate. (Mehboob Sada, director of the Christian Study Center (CSC), 2008)
MATERIALS & METHODS
The study in hand was conducted in the rural areas of Sheikhupura, Pakistan. From the total 72 rural union councils, two union councils having maximum households of religious minorities were selected randomly at first stage. Afterward six villages (three from each union council) were selected randomly at second level. Keeping in view the population size and characteristics, kind of the data analysis, time and resources available and practical evidence, a sample of 120 respondents (60 from each union council) was selected by using purposive sampling technique. Regarding sample of the respondents, the matters kept in mind at the time of data collection were that; the respondents were of one sex (male) and the respondents were above the age limit of 19 years.
The data were collected by using the survey method. Keeping in view the objectives of the study, it was decided to use interview schedule to collect the information. A well designed interview schedule was prepared to gather/collect the data from the selected areas. The interview schedule was developed in the light of the objectives of the study. The researcher tried his level best to get as close to the fact as possible. Interviewing schedule was used due to its certain characteristics such as; high response rate, greater flexibility, and formatted questioning.
In this study, Bivariate Analysis has been used. In Bivariate Analysis, Pearson's Chi-Square Test (χ2) was applied to find out the relationship between certain independent and dependent variables. The relationship of two variables was explored through Hypothesis Testing. The researcher had selected the of 0.05. As Pearson's chi-square test is used to assess two types of comparison; tests of goodness of fit and tests of independence. In this study, the tests of independence have been used. Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction (YIS) was also used to analyze the satisfaction level of the respondents regarding government policies. Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction ranges from +1 to -1. A positive value of YIS indicates that there is more respondents who are satisfied with one attribute than those who are not satisfied. The larger the value of Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction, the more intensive the degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Satisfaction Level of Religious Minorities about Government Policies:
To learn about the satisfaction level of the respondents, it is vital to draw the conclusion of any social research. Because of this, the satisfaction level of religious minorities i.e. satisfaction level about government policies was very important to draw the concluding remarks of this study. The satisfaction of religious minorities about the government policies towards them is very important for their feelings and perceptions of having security. Actually, It is the responsibility of government to protect the basic human rights of religious minorities of the country. If government provides proper fundamental rights to the religious minorities, then the religious minorities will contribute in the developmental priorities of the country / state. This contribution will prosper the state, ultimately. Because of these ground realities, the researcher felt the need to measure the satisfaction level of religious minorities about government policies towards them.
Table-1: Distribution of Respondents According to their Satisfaction Level about Government Policies.
Satisfaction Level about Govt. Policies Frequency Percentage
1 Satisfied 45 37.5
2 Satisfied to Some Extent 50 41.7
3 Not Satisfied 25 20.8
Total 120 100.0
For the measurement of the satisfaction level, Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction was used which is;
S - D
YIS = ------------
R
Where;
S = the number of respondents satisfied with one attribute.
D = the number of respondents dissatisfied with one
attribute.
R = the total number of respondents.
Satisfaction Level about Govt. Policies Frequency Percentage
1 Satisfied (S) 45 37.5
2 Dissatisfied (D) 25 20.8
3 Total (R) 120 100.0
By putting the values in YIS,
45-25
YIS = ------------ , YIS= 0.17
120
On the basis of the calculated value of Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction, it was revealed that the religious minorities in the area of study were satisfied with the governmental policies regarding the protection of their fundamental rights but to least extent. They were demanding fundamental changes and improvements in the policies of the state regarding religious minorities. They have particular objections about government policies towards them. Religious minorities claimed that;
• They are not represented properly and honorably in different sectors of development .limelight.
• Government treat the religious minorities with discrimination either directly or indirectly particularly in the employment sector.
The residential areas of the religious minorities were also not so facilitated. Resultantly, they were not so satisfied about the government policies regarding religious minorities.
Table-2: Association between the Level of Opportunity for Religious Minorities in Government Services and the Satisfaction Level of Religious Minorities about Government Policies.
Description Satisfaction Level about Government Policies Total
Satisfied Satisfied to Some
Extent Not Satisfied
Opportunity in Government Services Yes 20 20 8 48
NO 25 30 17 72
Total 45 50 25 120
Chi-Square Value = 1. 037 Significance Value = 0. 595
The above mentioned figures show that the level of opportunity for religious minorities in government services had no influence on the satisfaction level of religious minorities about government policies. So, there was no significant association between the independent variable (The level of opportunity for religious minorities in government services) and dependent variable (Satisfaction level of religious minorities about government policies). Thus the hypothesis, “The Level of Opportunity for Religious Minorities in Government Services is Independent of the Satisfaction Level of Religious Minorities about Government Policies” was accepted.
3- The Level of Provision of Opportunity for Religious Minorities in Government Services is independent of the Contribution of Religious Minorities in National Integrity.
Table-3: Association between the Level of Provision of Opportunity for Religious Minorities in Government Services and the Contribution of Religious Minorities in National Integrity.
Description Your Contribution in National Integrity Total
YES NO
Opportunity in Government Services Yes 32 16 48
NO 49 23 72
Total 81 39 120
Chi-Square Value = 1. 513 Significance Value = 0. 469
The above mentioned figures show that the opportunity for religious minorities in government services had no influence upon the contribution of religious minorities in national integrity. So, there was no significant association between the independent variable (The Level of Provision of opportunity for religious minorities in government services) and dependent variable (Contribution of Religious Minorities in National Integrity). Thus the hypothesis, “The Opportunity for Religious Minorities in Government Services is independent of the Contribution of Religious Minorities in National Integrity” was accepted.
4- The Level of Social Security provided to the Religious Minorities by the Government is independent of the Contribution of the Religious Minorities in National Integrity.
Table-4: Association between the Levels of Social Security provided to the Religious Minorities by the Government and the Contribution of the Religious Minorities in National Integrity.
Description Social Security by the Government Total
Sufficient Satisfactory Not Sufficient
Contribution in National Integrity YES 30 36 15 81
NO 5 24 10 39
Total 35 60 25 120
Chi-Square Value = 8. 158 Significance Value = 0. 086
The level of social security provided to the religious minorities had no influences on the role of religious minorities in the national integrity. So, there was also no significant association between the independent variable (The level of social security provided to the religious minorities by the government) and dependent variable (Contribution in national integrity). Thus the hypothesis, “The Level of Social Security provided to the Religious Minorities by the Government is independent of the Contribution of the Religious Minorities in National Integrity” was accepted.
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions:
On the basis of above mentioned results and discussion, it was concluded that the Religious Minorities in all regions of the world particularly in third world countries like Pakistan, continue to face serious threats and discrimination in different sectors of life. They are frequently excluded from taking part fully in the social, economic and political practices of the country/state. Today, religious minority communities face new challenges or threats including threats about legislation and development. The voice of religious minorities has never touched the heart or mind of national policy makers. Simply, we can say that the religious minorities are satisfied to government policies in Pakistan, to least extent which needs to be maximize. Because, religious minorities' major claim was that they are discriminated either directly or indirectly.
Recommendations:
After the evaluation of the rights of the religious minorities, the following steps should be taken for the improved protection and provision of the fundamental rights to the religious minorities;
• Government should launch such programs and campaigns that can maximize the inter faith harmony and tolerance, i.e. government should make the department of interfaith harmony more affective. For this purpose, the services of religious leaders (Imaam Masjid, Pastor, etc) can be achieved because without their co-operation, inter faith dialogues can’t be arranged for inter faith tolerance and harmony. This will also contribute in the national integrity.
• Government should provide justice and social security to the religious minorities as much as possible. For this task of equality, there is the need to make the ministry of religious minority rights more affective so that it can espouse more compassionate policies for the protection of religious minorities' rights.
• There should be full religious liberty to all the individuals in the country either they belong to any religion of their choice. It means that there should be the permission for everyone belonging to any religious minority, to conduct or celebrate one's rituals and social events. Government should endow with adequate security and protection at the time of their functions such as Christmas and wedding ceremonies. They can practice their prayers and other religious functions and activities without any fear. Because, it will create the feelings of security and own homeland among the religious minorities. Ultimately, they will participate more affectively in the national development.
• Government should provide equal funds or grants for the development of those specific areas where religious minorities subsist. There should be no discrimination in the division of grants for the development of the areas of religious minorities particularly in the rural areas. There should be more authentic programs for the developmental uplift of religious minorities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work presented in this manuscript was accomplished under inspiring guidance of Dr. Haq Nawaz Anwar, Department of Sociology, G.C University, Faisalabad, who always provide necessary assistance in writing of this manuscript.
REFERENCES
o AMIR TAHERI (2002) “Law Does Not Specify Badges for Religious Minorities”, New York Times, USA.
o HRCP (2003) “Annual Survey of Pakistan”, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.
o MEHBOOB SADA (2008) “The Joint Motion of Christians and Members of Civil Society", Asia News, Islamabad, Pakistan.
o MS. GAY (2005) “Principles of Democracy”, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Switzerland.
o U.S STATE DEPARTMENT (2003) “Religion & Spirituality”, Religious Freedom Report of Pakistan, U.S State Department, USA.
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